Big Data is an extremely large and complex dataset that conventional data processing applications are inadequate for managing.

This concept is often characterized by the Three Vs: Volume (massive quantity), Velocity (high-speed generation), and Variety (diverse formats like sensor readings, text, and video). Veracity and Value are sometimes included to expand the concept to the Five V's.

In the Industry 4.0 context, Big Data—often housed in cloud computing platforms—is essential for running predictive analytics, training sophisticated AI models, and enabling real-time decentralized decision-making. Effectively managing and analyzing Big Data is a critical prerequisite for achieving operational excellence and fostering continuous innovation.