SECI Model

The SECI Model (Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization) is a dynamic framework for organizational knowledge creation, developed by Nonaka and Takeuchi.

It describes a continuous, helical process of converting tacit knowledge (personal, intuitive know-how) and explicit knowledge (codified, formal information) into one another. The four modes are:

1. Socialization (Tacit to Tacit): Sharing experiences via observation and imitation.
2. Externalization (Tacit to Explicit): Articulating tacit knowledge into concepts (e.g., metaphors, models).
3. Combination (Explicit to Explicit): Systemizing concepts into a knowledge system (e.g., reports, databases).
4. Internalization (Explicit to Tacit): Learning by doing, embedding explicit knowledge into individual practice.

The SECI model is often associated with the PDCA cycle. While both are cyclical models for continuous improvement, SECI is the engine for sustained innovation; PDCA is the mechanism for standardization and operational excellence.