Cyber-physical systems (CPS) is sophisticated integrations of computation, networking, and physical processes.
In a cyber-physical system, embedded computing devices and networks observe and manage the physical world, often with feedback loops. These systems are the core technology enabling both the Internet of Things (IoT) and Industry 4.0.
Examples range from smart grids and autonomous vehicles to smart factory machines that communicate in real-time. CPS functionality is critical for ensuring the reliability, efficiency, and intelligence of modern critical infrastructure, allowing for precise control and decentralized decision-making across highly complex technical domains.