Artificial intelligence (AI) is the scientific discipline of creating systems that can perform complex tasks that typically require human intelligence.

A foundational computational model in this field is the neural network, a system inspired by the structure of the human brain. These networks learn from data by processing information through layers of interconnected nodes. The significant breakthroughs we have witnessed recently are largely driven by deep learning (DL), a branch of machine learning that leverages multi-layered neural networks with a deep architecture to process data.

This approach allows machines to autonomously discover intricate patterns and representations in data, which is essential for tasks like computer vision, natural language understanding, and complex problem-solving.